A Comparison of Marx and Durkheim - 1217 Words

A Comparison of Marx and Durkheim s Theories of the Structure of Modern Society Introductory Essay: Marx and Durkheim There was once a time when the societies of the world were nothing more than a ruling class and a class that was ruled. In these feudal societies classes were set. There was little chance for a member of the ruling bourgeoisie class to cross over to the oppressed proletariat class or from the proletariat class to the bourgeoisie class. Every individual within each class had the routine for each day set out for him or her. There was little change in the lives of individuals of these societies. There was monotony in their work and their work did little more for them than keeping them alive. In those societies,†¦show more content†¦After determining what resulted from modernization, Durkheim unlike Marx was interested in reforming not eliminating modern society. In analyzing Durkheim’s theory of modern society, I will begin with the focal point of it, namely solidarity. With modernization and industrialization, labour became increasingly specialized. Before this in the pre- modern societies, all workers did almost the same work in order to sustain themselves. These workers shared social cohesion base on similarity and commonality among themselves. This ‘mechanical solidarity’ was soon replaced by ‘organic solidarity’. With organic solidarity social cohesion was based on each individual’s dependence on every other in the society for survival. (The Emile Durkheim Archive, Solidarity) With the transition from Feudalism to Capitalism came a different set of norms and values by which to live. The transition from old to modern society was a very complex and relatively quick one. The people had to adapt to this quick and unclear change of the society. Because the transition was very difficult to make, many people lost their way in between. They became confused. The peoples’ state of confusion according to Durkheim is termed anomie. In order to combat anomie Durkheim asserts that people turn to religion. Religion for Durkheim was not divinely inspired but was simply a set of collective beliefs that shaped norms and values, norms and values that shapedShow MoreRelatedComparison of Marx, Durkheim and Weber1622 Words   |  7 PagesResponse Paper #1 Marx, Weber, Durkheim, introducing the godfathers of sociology. Three of the most influential theorists that are debated on and about till our present time. How have three very different individuals in history have maintained the template as we know it to understanding society, which has been over three centuries old? How is it that three different worlds and times in history, has had such familiarization not only for their respected times but a revelation to today’s systems andRead More Comparisons of the Ontological Positions of Marx, Durkheim and Weber836 Words   |  3 Pages Comparisons of the ontological positions of Marx, Durkheim and Weber. Presenting any comparisons of Marx, Durkheim and Weber necessitates a homogeneous delineation of ontology. Megill (2002) defined ontology as â€Å"the field of investigation that attempts to arrive at conclusions regarding the fundamental nature of reality† (Megill 2002, p.38), and it is this definition that will delineate the positioning of these theorists. Karl Marx represented a pragmatic and practical positioning that identifiedRead MoreComparison Between Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 Pagestheorists as found in Chapter 1 of the course text. (300-400 words) The two theorists i’ve decided to compare and contrast are Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Firstly i’ll compare them to one another. From all the readings I did and past education on these individuals I found they have a lot of the same views in regards to religion. Both Emlie Durkheim and Karl Marx believe that religion is a projection of mans hopes and desires. They both also agree that religion plays a powerful role in influencingRead MoreThe Theoretical And Methodological Perspectives Of Radicals Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels1162 Words   |  5 Pages In the comparison of the theoretical and methodological perspectives of radicals Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, with the more liberal teachings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, there must be an understanding that essentially they were all intellects of the period of the Enlightenment. The philosophical basis of the Enlightenment was that human beings are substantially perfectible. This meant that human beings coul d be taught things and that there was never an end to the capacity of what couldRead MoreCompare and Contrast Marx’s Idea of Class and Durkheim’s Division of Labour?1641 Words   |  7 Pagescontrast Marx’s idea of class and Durkheim’s division of labour? The essay will begin by providing a brief introduction into the two perspectives of Functionalism and Marxism, focusing on the theories of the French Sociologist Emile Durkheim and the German philosopher Karl Marx. Then it will give a brief discussion showing the transformation that took place from feudalism to capitalism, providing the reader with an insight into the dramatic change that took place during a time of revolution and revoltRead MoreAnalysis of Marx, Weber, and Durkheims Views Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe sociological views of  the three founding fathers; Karl Marx,  Max Weber, and  Emile Durkheim  all assert that various aspects of our lifestyle are fully a product of the society in which we live. Each theorist views the impact of society and its manifestation of our identity in a different way. All three of these men used the Industrial Revolution  and capitalism to shape their theories of social identity, especially the identity created by capitalisms division of labor; the owners of the meansRead MoreMarx And Durkheim s Theory Of Social Inequality955 Words   |  4 Pagespresent in sociological works dating back as far as early 18th century in the works of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Centuries later, theoretical foundations of both Marx and Durkheim can be readily applied to social inequality in the context of present day Canada. Durkheim’s theory is founded in analyzing how societies function by focusing on the ideas of the division of labour, merit and functionalism. Marx on the other hand, views society as divided into social classes of bourgeoisie and proletariatsRead MoreMarx And Durkheim s Theory Of Social Inequality933 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical foundations of both Marx and Durkheim can be readily applied to social inequality in the context of present day Canada. Durkheim’s theory is founded in analyzing how societies function by focusing on the ideas of the division of labour, merit and functi onalism. Marx, on the other hand, views society as divided into social classes of the bourgeoisie and proletariats, while stressing the importance of the role of capital plays in society in relation to inequality. Both Marx and Durkheim’s theoriesRead MoreClassical Sociological Theorist Past1044 Words   |  5 Pagescome after the other. Don’t fall asleep or they ll poke you with their sticks (wink). Be careful and good luck. 11:00 pm Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Well hello Barrack, I see you have made some poor choices when it comes to the stocks, do you not remember anything from economics boy! You should know my name but I just love to say my name all the time, I am Karl Marx and this is my partner Friedrich Engels and we are here tonight to help you out. We will be giving you tips on how to improve yourRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and theorists views over the others.991 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and outline how they perceived religion operating socially. Discuss why you chose your preferred theorists views over the others. Marx, Durkheim and Weber each had different sociological views of the role and function of Religion. My preferred theorists view’s on Religion is Karl Marx’s as I feel his ideas are more relevant

Hip Hop Term Paper free essay sample

Paper Since the inception of hip-hop, the sound and the feeling of hip-hop has transformed into a whole new sound. Hip-Hop has changed drastically. The feeling and sound of hip-hop has stretched to a whole different sound which makes us question, Is this hip-hop? Hip Hop evolved in the sasss, credited to African Bombast. In the Bronx it was the mainstream to see everyone gathered at the block parties to see all the Dos. From that one block party, there was more and more giving those Dos their name for what they do, Music. That was hip-hop. People received a great feeling listening to each of the artist.The power and soulful feeling, artist really feeling their rhythm, their music and getting Into It. The more and more emotion they put Into it, the more and the more the audiences felt the music. The uprising of hip-hop was based by Digging, it never had any vocals. It was Just electronic nature. The roots of spoken hip-hop are founded by African music. The traditions of pure African music were an influence to hip-hop music. The African- American traditions of signifying the dozens and Jazz poetry all influence hip hop music, as well as the call and response patterns of African and African American religious ceremonies.Throughout New York people performed spoken word poetry and music, artist such as: The Last Poets, Gill Scot Heron, and Jackal Mansard Unhurried, made a big impact on the social environment in which Hip-Hop music was created. Poetry gave hip-hop inspiration, leading these artists to emceeing. Emceeing is where it all began. Block parties kept the movement going and as long as this block party had an emcee, more people Joined the movement. HIP- hop was more than Just a beat. The way It started was with rapping or singing a capable_ It was always breath taking to see someone keep a rhythm with no beat behind their lyrics. It was called pure lent. Artist would perform on the spot while everyone sat around watching as they would spit a capable. The way each word hit and how each word would send that soulful vibe through every vain bringing such a musical sensation. This was more than music. HIP- hop was more than a sound It was a true soulful feeling. Dos began to get positive feedback on their performances during block parties In co-pop city In the Bronx. Due to the positive reception, Des began Isolating the percussion breaks of popular songs. This technique was then common in Jamaican dub music.DC Cool Here and other Des began using such techniques with two rentable to extend the breaks during the sasss. Turntables used techniques such as scratching, beat mixing, and beat matching invented by Francis Grass in the late sasss early essays. Beat Juggling which developed along with the breaks, creating a bass which can be rapped over. Rapping, also referred to as emceeing, is a vocal style in which the artist speaks lyrically, in rhyme and verse, generally to an instrumental or synthesized beat. Beats incorporated synthesizers, drum-machines, and live bands. Rappers had to choice to either rap over a beat or to rap a capable. DC Cool Here and Coke La Rock were an influence on the vocal style of rapping by delivering simple poetry verses over funk music breaks. Des and Masc. would often add call and response chants, consisting of a or mimic check. Later in the sasss, Macs became more versatile in delivering their vocals and rhythm. They began incorporating brief rhymes, often with a sexual or scatological theme, in an effort to differentiate them and to entertain the audience. Cool Here the Hercules were the first hip hop group to gain recognition in New York, but the number of MS teams increased over time.Melee Mel, a rapper with The Furious Five, is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an MS. During the early asses B-boning arose during block parties as b-boys and B-girls got in front of the audience to dance in a frenetic style. B-Boning and graffiti was documented to a world-wide audience for the first time for documentaries and movies such as Style Wars, Wild Style, and Beat Street. The term B-boy was coined by DC Cool Here to describe the people who would wait for the break section of the song, to get in front of an audience and dance frantically.Hip-Hop was influenced by many different sounds and genres of music. It actually is a mix of all forms of music. Using all these genres to conform one diverse sound. Hip-Hop started to get influence by Disco music. Curtis blow believes the early days of hip-hop were characterized by divisions between fans and detractors of disco music. The earliest hip-hop was based on funk loops. By 1979, disco instrumental loops/tracks had become the basis of much hip hop music. Hip-Hop gained the name of disco rap. Hip hop music was also a proponent in the eventual decline in disco popularity.DC Pete Jones, Eddie Achebe, DC Hollywood, and Love Bug Stark were disco-influenced hip hop Des. Other hip-hop artist who focused on rapid-fire rhymes and more complex rhythmic schemes differed from the style of the disco artist. Artist hadnt started recording until 1979. Prior to 1979 recording hip-hop music consisted of PA system recordings of parties and early hip-hop mix tapes. Puerco Rican DC Disco Wiz is credited as the first hip hop DC to create a mixed plate, or mixed dub recording, in 1977; he combined sound bites, special effects and paused beats to technically produce a sound recording.The first hip hop record is widely regarded to be The Sugarbird Gangs Rappers Delight, from 1979. DC Lady B was reedited to be the first female solo hip-hop artist to record her hit song, To the Beat Yawl in 1979. There are various other claimants for the title of first hip hop record. Funk You Up (1979), was the first hip hop record released by a female group, and the second single released by Sugar Hill Records, which was performed by The Sequence, a group from Columbia, South Carolina which featured Angier Stone. Hip hop music became popular in Philadelphia in the late asses.The first released record was titled Rhythm Talk, by Cocky Henderson. The New York Times had recognized Philadelphia the Graffiti Capital of the World in 1971. School D, starting in 1984 and also from Philadelphia, began creating a style that would later be known as gangs rap. Everyone began expressing their feelings trough music. Such tracks as Grandmaster Flashs The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel (1981), a single consisting entirely of sampled tracks were and early example of diversification. As well as African Bombasts Planet Rock (1982), this signified the fusion of hip hop music with electro. Remarkable K-Robs Beat Bop (1983) and playful sound effects. The mid-asses was marked by the influence of rock music, tit the release of such albums as King of Rock and Licensed to Ill. Hip-Hop became more diverse in the sasss. Melee Mel, Raking, Chuck D and KIRKS- One revolutionized Hip-Hop by transforming hip-hop into a mature form of art. The Message, an influential single by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, is widely considered to be the pioneering force for conscious rap in 1982. Since then, the lyrical content of rap and hip-hop music evolved.Prior to the asses, hip hop music was largely confined within the context of the United States. However, during the asses, it began its spread and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries.. Hip- Hop always remained close to the Latino culture in New York. DC Disco Wiz and the Rock Steady Crew were among early innovators from Puerco Rice. Combining English and Spanish in the lyrics. Hip-Hop changed the face of the world. It was more than Just a feeling or sound, it also was a culture to many. Creating more styles of dance. B-Boning became popular throughout the hip-hop culture.It was the first aspect of hip-hop culture to reach Japan, Australia, and South Africa. The crew Black Noise began practicing B-Boning before they began rapping later in the decade. New school hip originated in the mid sasss to the early sasss. It was also known as the golden age. New school was characterized and influenced by rock music. This period was known to be a theme of procreativity while music was eclectic. Also there was a big Jazz influence to artist such as; Public Enemy, Boogie Down Productions, Eric B. Raking, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, Gang Starr, Big Daddy Kane and the Jungle Brothers.It was known for the golden age because every new single reinvented the genre. Music flowed and everyone felt what music was. Music was who they were, not what they did. Then there was giants rap. Giants rap, a submerge of hip-hop that reflected the epistyle of inner city African American youth. Giants rap was developed by the rappers, Schools D in the mid sasss. They later were popularized by the group N. W. A. After the national attention that Ice-T and N. W. A created in the late asses and early asses, gangs rap became the most commercially lucrative submerge of hip hop.N. W. A is the group most frequently associated with the founding of gangs rap. Their lyrical content was more violent and confrontational. They were rapped over rough rock driven guitars, given the music a hard edgy feeling. During the year 1990, this was the year rap exploded. It was the mainstream break wrought. Old school hip-hop was still flowing. The simple beats with the extraordinary lyrics. Those rappers from the sasss were still making music and there was new music. There were new real artist. Urban Thermo Dynamics, Taliban Kali, Common Sense, Lauren Hill, TTL.This was the year every ones music hit and gave everyone that good sensation. Hip-hop was still alive and still flowing. There was more to it than Just the content of the song. It was the way people reacted to hearing the song. People actually heard the lyrics of the song and not Just the beat. This was the time artist held their Grammys up and told the crowd and their fans this is hip-hop. From the start through the sasss to 2000 music was good. It was something about it. They fought hard for what they wanted, their dream of being hip- labels wanted them to be.They made music that suited them. Music they were satisfied with. Music was a feeling. When artist, even rappers cried from the lyrics of their own song. Where has that spark gone? The spark is still here, but why has it dimmed? What happened to our dear hip- hop? The other genres and submerges have taken over. R;B has become more popular within our culture. Rap has evolved and expanded wider. Very few are hip- hop. Hip-hop has changed. Well, the definition has changed. There are still artist that still live through hip-hop. Then there are artist who misunderstand rap from hip hop.Listening to music isnt the same. Its sad to turn on the radio and only here profanity. There are more songs about weed, sex, and money than there is about what is going on right now. The style of dress has changed and especially the style of dance. Everything is a competition now, artist arent trying to help other artist everything is about being better than the last artist. There were times when the way hip-hop affected our youth was the top story on he news. When artist tried to get along because the controversy in the music game landed great artist into caskets.There were days artist came out on the streets trying to get the support of elders because hip-hop was so important and the peace was important to have. This was the time they didnt target one specific group. They stepped aside from their music to attain to the complaints of the city. The city is still complaining but nothing is being said. No one is saying l was wrong for degrading women, or saying IM sorry for being a bad influence to your child. They only care that they are making money and their ones are selling. The whole meaning of hip-hop music has changed.It used to touch the soul, now what does it touch? What happened to UNITY. What these old-school rappers rapped about , new school rappers seem to have lost touch with the meaning of the lyrics. How do you gain hip-hop back? We have imitations is the music game now. Everyone is rapping and imitating someone theyve always wanted to be. No one is saying their real story. Hip-hop is now masked, hidden waiting to be set free. Hip-hop is masked because these artist with so much potential are hiding behind these mask. Afraid of showing their fans hat the person they are pretending to be isnt really who they are.

250 Million Years of Turtle Evolution

250 Million Years of Turtle Evolution In a way, turtle evolution is an easy story to follow: the basic turtle body plan arose very early in the history of life (during the late Triassic period), and has persisted pretty much unchanged down to the present day, with the usual variations in size, habitat, and ornamentation. As with most other types of animals, though, the turtle evolutionary tree includes its share of missing links (some identified, some not), false starts, and short-lived episodes of gigantism. Turtles That Werent: Placodonts of the Triassic Period Before discussing the evolution of genuine turtles, its important to say a few words about convergent evolution: the tendency of creatures that inhabit roughly the same ecosystems to develop roughly the same body plans. As you probably already know, the theme of squat, stubby-legged, slow-moving animal with a big, hard shell to defend itself against predators has been repeated numerous times throughout history: witness dinosaurs like Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus and giant Pleistocene mammals like Glyptodon and Doedicurus. This brings us to the placodonts, an obscure family of Triassic reptiles closely related to the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs of the Mesozoic Era. The poster genus for this group, Placodus, was an unremarkable-looking creature that spent most of its time on land, but some of its marine relativesincluding Henodus, Placochelys, and Psephodermalooked uncannily like genuine turtles, with their stubby heads and legs, hard shells, and tough, sometimes toothless beaks. These marine reptiles were as close as you could get to turtles without actually being turtles; sadly, they went extinct as a group about 200 million years ago. The First Turtles Paleontologists still havent identified the exact family of prehistoric reptiles that spawned modern turtles and tortoises, but they do know one thing: it wasnt the placodonts. Lately, the bulk of the evidence points to an ancestral role for Eunotosaurus, a late Permian reptile whose wide, elongated ribs curved over its back (a striking adumbration of the hard shells of later turtles). Eunotosaurus itself seems to have been a pareiasaur, an obscure family of ancient reptiles the most notable member of which was the (completely unshelled) Scutosaurus. Until recently, fossil evidence linking the land-dwelling Eunotosaurus and the giant, marine turtles of the late Cretaceous period was sorely lacking. That all changed in 2008 with two major discoveries: first up was the late Jurassic, western European Eileanchelys, touted by researchers as the earliest marine turtle yet identified. Unfortunately, only a few weeks later, Chinese paleontologists announced the discovery of Odontochelys, which lived a whopping 50 million years earlier. Crucially, this soft-shelled marine turtle possessed a full set of teeth, which subsequent turtles gradually shed over tens of millions of years of evolution. (A new development as of June 2015: researchers have identified a late Triassic proto-turtle, Pappochelys, that was intermediate in form between Eunotosaurus and Odontochelys and thus fills an important gap in the fossil record!) Odontochelys prowled the shallow waters of eastern Asia about 220 million years ago; another important prehistoric turtle, Proganochelys, pops up in the western European fossil record about 10 million years later. This much bigger turtle had fewer teeth than Odontochelys, and the prominent spikes on its neck meant that it couldnt fully retract its head under its shell (it also possessed  an ankylosaur-like clubbed tail). Most important, the carapace of Proganochelys was fully baked: hard, snug and pretty much impervious to hungry predators. The Giant Turtles of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras By the early Jurassic period, about 200 million years ago, prehistoric turtles and tortoises were pretty much locked into their modern body plans, though there was still room for innovation. The most notable turtles of the Cretaceous period were a pair of marine giants, Archelon and Protostega, both measuring about 10 feet long from head to tail and weighing about two tons. As you might expect, these giant turtles were equipped with broad, powerful front flippers, the better to propel their bulk through the water; their closest living relative is the much smaller (less than one ton) Leatherback. You have to fast-forward about 60 million years, to the Pleistocene epoch, to find prehistoric turtles that approached the size of this duo (this doesnt mean that  giant turtles werent around in the intervening years, just that we havent found much evidence). The one-ton, southern Asian Colossochelys (formerly classified as a species of Testudo) can pretty much be described as a plus-sized Galapagos tortoise, while the slightly smaller Meiolania from Australia improved on the basic turtle body plan with a spiked tail and a huge, weirdly armored head. (By the way, Meiolania received its nameGreek for little wandererin reference to the contemporary Megalania, a two-ton monitor lizard.) The turtles mentioned above all belong to the cryptodire family, which accounts for the vast majority of marine and terrestrial species. But no discussion about prehistoric turtles would be complete without a mention of the aptly named Stupendemys, a two-ton pleurodire turtle of Pleistocene South America (what distinguishes pleurodire from cryptodire turtles is that they pull their heads into their shells with a sideways, rather than a front-to-back, motion). Stupendemys was far and away the largest freshwater turtle that ever lived; most modern side-necks weigh about 20 pounds, max! And while were on the subject, lets not forget the comparably ginormous Carbonemys, which may have done battle with the giant prehistoric snake Titanoboa 60 million years ago in the swamps of South America.

To what extent are Brits and Great Britain stereotypical or essays

To what extent are Brits and Great Britain stereotypical or essays As  ¡Four Weddings and a Funeral ¡ is a relatively new film, it allows the viewers to take a closer look at the situation in contemporary Britain,-the people,traditions, customs and some national stereotypes.It shows the country and the people from the point of view of a typical Britisher rather than someone who lives outside the U.K.Consequently,this image of Brits and Britain tends to be a bit idealised on one hand, and stereotypical on the other -the film shows both good sides of the British and also contains the slightly stereotyped view of them. Meanwhile, the vices of the main characters definitely seem to be toned down at least to some point ; also certain aspects of the country ¡s image is different than it is in for real.Another important issue is the fact, that the movie shows rather incomplete view of the British society-mostly middle class is depicted here and it is only during the funeral when we can see also the working class. To find out how true is the image of Great Britain presented in the  ¡ Four Weddings and a Funeral ¡ a few common stereotypes should be examined, confronted and compared with the film. Let us now consider the setting and the main characters. The first wedding is set in a small town in the rural area; the wedding reception is held in the garden and this, as well as the third wedding- that of Carrie and Hamish in his castle in Scotland with Scottish dances,bagpipes and kilts-create the picturesque and almost pastoral view-simmilar to those seen on postcard. It can be said, therefore,that the image of Britain as a country seem to be idealised.Also the weather is presented in such way-there is no sign of rain or fog-in fact, it rains only once during the whole film.This image can be contrasted with the setting of Charles ¡s wedding (that incompletedÆ’)  ¡Van old historic church in a bigger city and the setting the funeral, which was a chance to portrait the industrial esta ...

Impact of Computers on Day-to-day Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact of Computers on Day-to-day Life - Essay Example Social networking is another area in which computers have changed peoples’ lifestyle. Many of the offline businesses were transformed to online businesses because of the abilities of computers in promoting e-businesses or e-commerce. Weather forecasting and global positioning systems are some of the other areas in which computers are used extensively nowadays. This paper analyses the impact of computers in day-to-day life. Business is one area, which gained a lot because of the introduction of computers. It should be noted that instant communication is made possible because of the introduction of computers and internet. Business always likes to have the exchange of information as quickly as possible in order to make sound decisions. Earlier, fax messages and telephonic conversations were used for business communications along with telephones. However, these technologies had many limitations in communicating the ideas properly between the stakeholders of business. The introduct ion of computers helped business people to present their ideas clearly to others. Computer controlled machinery is used a lot in many of the manufacturing units nowadays. This machinery has the ability to do provisioned work more efficiently than humans do. According to new figures released by the United States Department of Commerce, e-Commerce Sales accounted for 2.4% of all sales in the fourth quarter of 2005, up from 2.3% the previous quarter. Total fourth quarter e-commerce revenues came to a seasonally adjusted $22.94 billion. For all of 2005, e-commerce sales rose by 24.6% according to information from the U.S. Census Stats (Internet World Stats News) Earlier business activities were taking place only in the real world. Introduction of computers opened another channel for business in the virtual world. Many of the recent studies have shown that offline or virtual world business is going to surpass real world business in the near future. Computers have helped business people w ith another channel to market and provide their services. Education is another sector in which computers proved their worth. For effective transfer of knowledge from the teacher to students, computers are extensively used in classrooms at present. Computer assisted technologies are helping both the students and teachers to polish their ideas. For example, teachers can take notes from the internet before presenting a particular topic in the class. In the same way, exceptional students who are not satisfied with the classroom knowledge can look on the internet to get more knowledge. IPads and tablet PC’s are helping students to get rid of the inconvenience of carrying textbooks and notebooks to the classes. Teachers can assess the progress of the students with the help of computer software. In short, computers can help in the enhancement of quality of education. Social networking is the third segment in which computers are influencing people in their day-to-day life. The popula rity of Facebook, Google Plus, MySpace, Twitter etc clearly indicate the importance of computers in daily life. It should be noted that millions of people from all over the world are spending a substantial period of time in social networks nowadays. Apart from ordinary people, even business people, marketers, job seekers, etc are also interested in using social networks now. The concept of social networking would not be in place if the computer related technologies were not there. As mentioned

Jaguar Land Rover Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Jaguar Land Rover Management Report - Essay Example The company is highly concerned in developing a business model that will contribute the overall nature and climate protection, by investing into green technology, implementing low-carbon solutions into the vehicle building technologies, and developing green materials for vehicle production. Therefore, product life cycle is considered as the key aspect of the proper strategy development, since it involves all the three components of the strategy. It is divided into 7 phases:1.  Design: This is the basic step of developing a â€Å"green† product, and reducing CO2 emissions for the future models. The stage involves developing safety, energy saving and durability technologies.2.  Raw material production: the company deals with the sustainable suppliers. This is also important for the final cost reduction, since â€Å"green† suppliers offer lower prices (Jaguar Land Rover Annual Report, 2014)3.  Transporting: the properly developed logistics strategy helps reducing the transportation costs, as well as CO2 emissions. 4.  Manufacturing: emissions to air, soil, and water are thoroughly controlled by implementing filters, and energy saving technologies. Additionally, the waste and emission control helps implementing the waste recycling technologies, which is also helpful for cost reduction. 5.  Delivery to customers: the shorter delivery ways help reducing emissions and costs, emissions to air. Similarly to material and components transportation, shorter ways are required for cost and emission reduction.

Geographic Information System Essay Example for Free

Geographic Information System Essay A Geographic Information system or a GIS is a tool to capture, store and managing data which are spatially related to Earth. In close terms, the system is related to managing, integrating, storing and analyzing geographically referenced information. Geographic Information system is used in the process of scientific research, natural resource management, impact of pollution on environment, land use and planning, company sales and marketing and criminology. For example, Geographic Information system is often used energy planners who need to calculate the emergency response times during an emergency like a natural disaster. Also, Geographic Information system is used to find the areas that are affected by pollution – wet lands or used by companies to take advantage of an untapped economy or an unreserved market. HISTORY OF GIS The first use of a Geographic Information system is that recorded in 1854, by Sir John Snow. In the event of Cholera outbreak in London, he used a map which directed signs towards the individual cases of cholera in the city. This study which helped the administration to reach to the source of the outbreak, which was an infected water pump. After knowing the root cause of the outbreak, immediate steps were taken by the administration. This strategy of John Snow to collect all the information about the cholera cases in the city on a geographical map of the city and then to analyze the information at hand, thereby reaching at some conclusions that were helpful in fighting with the outbreak is the true essence of a Geographic Information system. Fig 1: Map showing clusters of Cholera cases in London by John Snow In the year 1962, the true face of Geographic Information system came into existence with the Federal Department of Rural development in Canada. The first Geographic Information system was developed by Dr. Roger Tomlinson, and was to help the Land inventory department to gather and analyze information related to the land use and capability, soil structure and forest area in Ontario. This system possessed some enhanced features like – mapping, overlaying, measurement, scaling and scanning. It also had a co-ordinate system that could inter relate every other part of the continent and could scale huge areas into very small ones. The use of overlays in extending the method of spatial analysis of geographical data was also included in this first Geographic Information system. However, this Geographic Information system was never brought out into the market for commercialization purposes. The first commercial Geographic Information system was developed during the late 1980’s by the MS Computing research Institute and this commercial Geographic Information system had a successful combination of the first Geographic Information system developed in 1962 by Sir John Snow. It had the technique of spatial attribution, and organizing of data with the help of database structures. With the onset of the 20th century, there was a fast growth in the development of commercial Geographic Information systems to transport, gather and analyze data in all commercial fields. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of free open source commercial Geographic Information systems which can be used in accordance with a number of operating systems and can also be customized top match up some specific tasks. DATA CREATION IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM The Geographic Information Systems that exist today make use of the information that is present in the digital form. The methods of data creation for a Geographic Information system are many and the most commonly accepted method for data creation of digital data is digitization. In this method, Computer aided design method is used to transfer the data present on a hard copy, into a digital form, and geo-referencing capabilities. Another popular form of extracting geographical data into digital form is by ortho-rectified imagery, in which head up digitizing is the main way through which tracing of geographical data is done directly rather than traditionally tracing the geographical data on a different digitizing tablet. LINKING INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS ORIGINS With the help of Geographic Information Systems, a myriad of information gathering is possible. Suppose for example, if the rainfall data about a particular state and its aerial snaps or the area are gathered, then it relatively easier to predict the area which dries up during summer. A Geographic Information Systems can make use of various forms of information by linking them together and analyzing the whole bunch together. The elementary requirement for knowing the exact source of data is the knowledge of variables. The location of a certain area is denoted by x,y,z coordinates, where x corresponds to Longitude, y corresponds to latitude and z corresponds to elevation. These values may vary according to the needs and types of data required. A Geographic Information System is capable of changing any form of digital data into usable form that is recognized by the system and is used. For instance, the satellite images that are generated with the help of remote sensing satellites are processed by a Geographic Information System to corresponding map like information which can be easily read by the Geographic Information System. Similarly, the hydrologic tabular data in the tabular form can be converted into a data map, which is used as layers of information in a Geographic Information System. DATA REPRESENTATION The Geographic Information System offers the presentation of real time objects like land, roads, height etc, in the digital form. However, the real time data is further divided into two types: discrete and continuous data. Discrete data includes data like a building, area of land, while continuous data represents level of rain, height of a particular area, or elevation. There are two main methods of storing data in a Geographic Information System for both discrete and continuous forms. 1. Raster method – this form of data is stored in the form of cell rows and cell columns, where a single value data is stored in each cell. Since raster is used to store a single data, in each cell, continuous forms of data an extended table of more than one row or column is used. 2. Vector Method – in a Geographic Information System, it is often needed to express data in the form of vectors. In order to store data which possesses some sort of direction, use of polygons is made in the Geographic Information Systems. These polygons or geometrical shapes are also called as Shape files. Zero dimensional points, one dimensional lines, two dimensional polygons are some examples of shape files used in Geographic Information Systems. Points are used to denote real time objects like location of a school, building, home, well etc. lines are used to denote roads, railway lines, rivers etc. polygons are used to point to an area of land, city boundaries, water bodies etc. Each of these geometric shapes / geometries are associated with single rows in the database of the Geographic Information System, and this describes their characteristics completely. For example, consider a Geographic Information System data base that gives information about the various lakes in a particular area, their depth, and quality of water, color of water and the level of pollutants that are mixed with water. These sets of information can be each used separately to make a map to describe that particular data set. Also, the Geographic Information Systems can be used to identify and locate the wells that are present in the area, in particular that are within the one mile area of the lake. The wells are identified as point geometry and the lakes as polygon geometry in the Geographic Information System data map sets. Vector characteristics in a Geographic Information System data set can also be altered to maintain the spatial characteristic or integrity of a particular data / location, with the application of certain topology rules. A simple basic rule used in Geographic Information Systems is that the polygons must never overlap each other. The vector data sets can be appropriately used to represent the continuous data sets or continuously varying information. The contour lines and triangulated discontinuous areas and networks are used to characterize the elevation / height above sea level and other examples of continuous values. The triangulated discontinuous areas record the values of a point location which are in the form of a mesh formed with the help of lines connected from each other signifying other areas and point locations. For example, the face of a mesh in the form of a triangle is used to represent the terrain surface in Geographic Information Systems.